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عمومی::
انتقال افقی ژن
These anti-RM proteins trick RM systems and seamlessly enter the host to integrate mobile genetic elements carrying foreign DNA, reflected in the frequency of ABR dissemination through horizontal gene transfer.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Collectively, these mechanisms mediate horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which has had huge implications on the worldwide dissemination of ABR since resistance conferring genotypes can rapidly circulate to other individuals within a community rendering the whole population resistant.
The highly prevalent TEM ESBLs have represented this evolution through its countless allelic variants efficiently circulated through HGT making nearly all β-lactam antibiotics ineffective.
Within HGT, conjugation is most frequently used to disseminate ABR.
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